It is known that if a conductor resides in the neighboring of an antenna with a small distance relative to the wavelength, it induces a reverse current on the conductor. This paper involves the unavoidable coupling effects on some common types of LF ANTENNAS, due to the large wavelength in this frequency band. In particular, after some discussions about top-loaded ANTENNAS, the coupling effect of wire supports is studied for these ANTENNAS. In addition, the effect of support masts on the radiation resistance is shown for three kinds of Loran transmitter ANTENNAS with four masts. Furthermore, some formulas for the impedance of small monopole ANTENNAS with neighboring masts are proposed and some simulation results of practical ANTENNAS are reported. Finally it is indicated that the coupling effect is more destructive for sectional Loran transmitter antenna compared with square top loaded antenna.

The present study provides an analysis of Empty Category principle (ECP) in LF. The ECP is shown to encounter a number of problems especially at LF. In order to solve these problems, we employ Pesetsky's (1982) path containment condition (PCC). We show that it is not so much the effect of proper government that is important in sentences involving movement; rather, it is the relation between the paths of movements. The relation of containment between the paths is shown to be a crucial syntactic factor in well-formedness. Because of the dubious status of government in minimalism, analysis according to PCC is better not only empirically but also conceptually.

Review and classification of electric load forecasting (LF) techniques based on artificial neural networks (ANN) is presented. A basic ANNs architectures used in LF reviewed. A wide range of ANN oriented applications for forecasting are given in the literature. These are classified into five groups: (1) ANNs in short-term LF, (2) ANNs in mid-term LF, (3) ANNs in long-term LF, (4) Hybrid ANNs in LF, (5) ANNs in Special applications of LF. The major research articles for each category are briefly described and the related literature reviewed. Conclusions are made on future research directions.

In this paper, a novel planar hybrid multiband antenna formed by a loop-type antenna, a monopole slot antenna, and a coupled planar monopole antenna for the mobile phone is proposed. The loop-type antenna comprises a driven monopole and a coupled strip that printed on the other side of the substrate and short-circuited to the ground. The 0.5l and 1.0l mode of the loop-type antenna are excited. Therefore, the 0.5l mode of the loop-type antenna forms a wide bandwidth of 326 MHz to cover the GSM850/900 operation and the 0.25l mode of the monopole slot antenna, the 1.0l mode of the loop-type antenna, and the 0.25l mode of the coupled monopole antenna provide a wide bandwidth of 1181 MHz to cover the GPS/DCS/PCS/UMTS/WLAN2.4/WiMAX operation. Finally, the 0.5l mode of the coupled monopole antenna forms a wide bandwidth to cover the WLAN5.2 operation. Moreover, the hybrid antenna occupies a compact area of 16.5´45 mm2 and it has good radiation characteristics over the operating bands.

Plasmonic mode propagation properties of a graphene strip placed on a substrate are studied in the THz range. Based on propagation properties (phase constant), a design guide for a dipole-like antenna made of graphene strips is presented. The input impedance and the radiation properties of such graphene-based antenna are investigated through full-wave numerical simulations. Full-wave simulations show that grapheme ANTENNAS can provide higher input impedance, along with the tunability of the resonance frequency, which are two important design requirements in high performance terahertz photoconductive antenna sources and detectors.

A popular method for creating required phase shifts for patches in a microstrip reflectarray uses open ended stubs attached to the patches. Uniform stubs are narrowband and hence limit the bandwidth of the array. In this paper, two novel methods for designing broadband reactive phase shifters are proposed based on the method of least squares. A structure consisting of transmission line sections, open-ended stubs, and resistors is considered for the phase shifter. Another one consists of transmission lines and open-ended. A least square error function is constructed for the required phase shift and the characteristic impedances, electrical lengths of transmission lines and resistances are obtained by its minimization. Then, the circuit is realized by microstrip lines to be attached to the microstrip patch. It is shown that the novel phase shifters create the required phase shifts in a broader bandwidth than those of uniform stub phase shifters. The frequency response of proposed microstrip line phase shifters are validated by the results obtained using AWR's Microwave Office software.

Cancer causes about 13% of human deaths and has not yet been properly treated. Conventional cancer treatment methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have many side effects and in some cases have no effect on cancer treatment, so creating appropriate and targeted therapies can revolutionize cancer treatment. New methods include gene therapy and using immunotoxins, which can act up to a high percentage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of modified PA protein that binds only to cancer cells along with lethal factor (LF) on cancer cells. In this regard, recombinant mPA and LF proteins were isolated from recombinant Bacillus subtilis and after examining the presence of protein bands and their concentrations using SDS-PAGE and Bradford methods, respectively, the combined effect of different concentrations of these proteins on lung cancer cells, Breast, prostate and pancreas were examined by MTT method. The results showed that 75 ng of recombinant LF protein and 50 ng of recombinant mPA protein had the greatest effect on cancer cell death and caused the death of more than 98% of the studied cancer cells. With these results, it is hoped that a new dimension can be added to cancer treatment by producing targeted toxins such as mPA and LF.

In this paper, the problem of elliptic target localization in distributed multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radars is investigated. The goal of elliptic localization is to estimate the target position from a set of noisy bistatic delay measurements. Since the maximum likelihood (ML) problem associated with elliptic localization is nonconvex, iterative methods can be trapped in local minimums, leading to inaccurate location estimation. To solve this problem, a number of (almost closed-form) estimators are proposed, which can locate the target without convergence concern. The proposed methods are efficient, achieving Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) up to relatively high noise levels. These methods are of superior localization accuracy in comparison with the state-of-the-art methods. Furtheremore, according to the closed-form and algebraic nature of the proposed methods, they have very low computational complexity, which is similar to other existing closed-form methods in the literature. It should be noted that the ideas presented in this paper can be considered as a baseline for future research studies in the area of localization in radar systems.

In this paper, TEM horn ANTENNAS are reviewed as an ultra wideband antenna and then analyzed theoretically. The far zone fields, radiation patterns, directivity, and bandwidth of these ANTENNAS are determined. Also, the characteristic impedance and input reflection coefficient of these ANTENNAS are determined using the taperd transmission lines model. Then some relations are introduced to optimum design of these ANTENNAS. Finally, two TEM horn ANTENNAS are designed and then are simulated, fabricated, and measured in an experiment.